Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English The primary verbs in English grammar are the verbs be, have, and do- all three of which can function as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. Primary verbs are sometimes referred to as ​primary auxiliaries. The Different Functions of Primary Verbs To BeMargaret is a brilliant student. (lexical verb)Margaret is applying to Yale. (auxiliary verb)To HaveFrank has a good job. (lexical verb)Frank has just returned from a business trip. (auxiliary verb)To DoNana does the crossword puzzle in the Sunday paper. (lexical verb)Nana doesnt go out much anymore. (auxiliary verb) Primary Verbs as Auxiliaries In one of their uses, the primary verbs precede a main, lexical verb. When used in this way, they may be said to be functioning as auxiliary verbs within the clause. This is illustrated in (17): (17a) He is speaking to her now.(17b) I have visited my grandmother every Christmas since I was a child.(17c) You didnt eat your lunch.In simple terms, auxiliary verbs are additional verbs (or helping verbs, as EFL teachers often say). In Modern English, primary be is used as an auxiliary in either the progressive construction, illustrated in (17a), or in the passive construction, illustrated in (18):(18) She was spoken to yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, have appears in perfect constructions, as shown in (19):(19a) He has spoken to her.(19b) He had spoken to her yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, do appears in negative and interrogative constructions:(20a) I didnt speak to her yesterday.(20b) Did you speak to her yesterday? Notice that it is the job of the primary verb to carry the tense inflection for the entire verb phrase (VP), while the main verb conveys the semantic content. Primary Verbs and Modal Verbs Primary and modal verbs do not follow the same grammatical rules. In particular: Primaries have -s forms; modals do not:is has, doesPrimaries have nonfinite forms; modals do not:to be, being, been(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson Longman, 2003)​ Be as Auxiliary of the Progressive and of the Passive [I]n a sense we can answer the question of how many primary auxiliaries there are with either four or three; the verb be does double duty as the auxiliary of the progressive and the auxiliary of the passive. Since these are quite different functions, and since it is quite easy to distinguish them, it is best to view them as two different primary auxiliaries which have the same form. It is easy to distinguish the two uses. First of all, the progressive be and the passive be are followed by different forms of the verb, ing form (be eating) and part (be eaten), respectively. Second, passive sentences have some particular characteristics: for instance, in a passive sentence you can usually have a by phrase (be eaten by a shark).Functions of DoWe often use the verb do as a stand-in auxiliary, much in the same way as we use primary and modal auxiliaries. Like primary verbs, it can function as an auxiliary or as a principal verb because it has a full verb inflectional paradigm.Do as an auxi liary verb:This! Why, father, what do you mean? This is home! [Porter]Does everybody at the academy dress like that? [Gogol] Do as a lexical verb:But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man. [Franklin]Sane people did what their neighbors did so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them. [Eliot]The thick iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it. [Doyle] Because of the flexibility of this verb (it is also used to form questions, negatives, and for emphasis), it is important to pay close attention to how it is used. When it is used as an auxiliary, like the primary and modal verbs, it will occupy the initial position in the verb phrase, and there will always be a non-finite lexical verb to follow. When it is used as a lexical verb, it may be preceded by an auxiliary verb or simply stand alone. Sources Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age Publishing, 2010 Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge,  Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010 Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000

Toward the 21st century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Toward the 21st century - Essay Example More than a few educational traditions, above all the constructivist and relativist paradigms, assert ethnographic research as an applicable research method. The aspect of immigration can be seen from this aspect. (Knott, 2005) In the context if migration US has been a very popular destination in world history. However, the analogy between black immigrates' experience in the US cities and that of their white European predecessors was mainly invalid. While looking into the matter it can primary be mentioned that migration is a subject that is studied on all levels when dealing with humanity and its idiosyncrasies. In order to understand migration we must understand the various components involved in migration, including internal migration, external migration, immigration and both refugees and Internally Displaced Persons. We must attempt to understand the reasons to migrate and how laws affect the various forms of migration and if there would be solutions to this practice of migration. The objective is to study the problems, the solutions and the reasoning behind migration as a whole. In order to understand the reasons behind migration of people we must first define the various components of migration. ... lopment of the country that people are leaving, specifically GDP, the level of domestic development, and finally income and quality of life within the countries. Another two factors include how urbanized an area would be and variations in that consideration along with levels of education that would in fact be available for children across the country of origin in place of isolated areas. Occasionally, the amount of US influence on a country can either adversely or conversely affect the amount of migration. (Fletcher, 2003) Coerced and free migration is a subject David Eltis and others have pursued for a better understanding of the methods and results of such actions. This tells about how the method behind migration has changed over the centuries of humanity. According to Eltis, "all migration hinges on a cultural differential between donor and recipient societies." (Eltis, 2002, 3) This is evident in the migration between poorer and more prosperous countries and free and restricted countries as well. This alone would give reason for migration to occur. The white migration to America started quite early. British merchant ships were trading on a regular basis with North America and West Indies (after the acquisition on Virginia in 1607 and Barbados in 1625) and by the end of the 17th century , a huge number of people (apprx 350,000) managed to emigrate across the Atlantic Ocean with these very ships. These people base helped to propagate and facilitate new markets for trade and commerce from England. In 1977, the British had the largest occupation America as compared to the other leading European powers, the French and the Dutch. The British suffered a great setback when the Independence war lost 13 of its American colonies but compensated with more acquisitions by

What were the most important consequences of the Industrial Revolution Essay

What were the most important consequences of the Industrial Revolution for world history - Essay Example Traditionally, all family members relied on the head of the family for the provision of the dairy basic needs, and they all used to collectively assist him achieve this objective. The revolution led to the heads of family shifting and migrating away from home in search of employment to sustain their families. Their departure thrust women who were traditionally raised to be submissive to the males as heads of their households when their male counter parts were away. If problems persisted, these families could shift to nearby cities in search of employment in the emerging factories for sustenance. The widespread migration to cities2 made the towns overcrowded causing innumerable problems common even today due to high population growth rates and development of social vices. Lack of accommodation led to the establishment of slums characterized by poor infrastructures, lack of basic amenities like water and sewerage systems and this contributed to the emergence of various contagious disea ses often leading to catastrophic epidemics. The high number of labor supply led to low wages and high unemployment rates increasing the problems these migrants were facing. This is despite the industries requiring large workforces from the country sides3. The standards of morality depreciated rapidly with women and girls prostituting themselves for food. Women and children also copied vices such as drug and alcohol abuse from men and crime rates soared as people tried to survive. The new challenges facing the family and the social life made changes in the gendering roles of both men and women as women tried to fill their new roles. Women were increasingly given more authority and autonomy in making key family decisions in the absence of the patriarchal men, a trend being promoted even today. They were further employed in the emerging factories, and they had to learn new skills just like men to be able to fit in their work

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

MARKETING - Essay Example ith only Apple products and hence the sales people are equipped with knowledge about the company products and this brings about customer satisfaction. In order to retain its customers, Apple continues to design and unveil new products like computer, iPods and iPhones among others (Schneiders, 14). Branding has to do with having desirable products, ideas, manifestos among other things and not solely about the name or logo of the company. Apple has adopted the emotion branding where it aims to connect with the emotions of the customers which emphasizes that their products are not just for physical but also emotional gratification. It has succeeded in this through having Apple Brand Personality where customers express their imagination, aspirations and dreams when using Apple products (Schneiders, 33). This explores issues of pricing, architecture, consistency among other issues that the company holds of value. In Apple, their value strategies mainly revolve around the monolithic architecture of all their products in such a way that they are recognizable by anyone. They have also ensured consistency of the products they make and especially the computer quality and technological desirability. Compared to other companies that are competitors of Apple, this company’s product prices are fair and match the quality of their products (Schneiders,

The Neptune Gourmet Seafood Marketing Essay

The Neptune Gourmet Seafood Marketing Essay Neptune Gourmet Seafood is the third largest company in North America, it has been initiated 40 years ago. And it is growing rapidly. However, this growth in market demand is still insufficient as compared to the amount of catch the company are able to haul and process daily. As such, excess inventories have been piling up in the warehouses, and turnovers are slower than they ever were. To try to combat this issue, some strategies regarding the pricing of their premium products have been introduced for discussion. Talking about the growth possibilities and the problems that these strategies might encapsulate. Also offering a fresh perspective on the issue of launching a mass-market brand amongst existing premium brands. And give some alternative recommendations to solve the problem of oversupply. COMPANY BACKGROUND Neptune Gourmet Seafood is a $820 million company with its core business lying in providing high quality seafood and seafood-based products to its customers. Neptune is using a freezer trawler with new technologies that allow the vessel to catch and freeze fish in an environmentally sustainable way as these technologies super freeze fish to -70F while the usual is between -10F and -23F, and that retains the original flavor, texture and color of the fish, Neptune also generated approximately 30% of its revenues by selling frozen and processed fish products to United States grocery chains. Neptune had got a premium image among its customers, it had earned a reputation for producing the best seafood with high quality for the past forty years. In the $20 billion fishing industry, Neptune has managed to position itself as one of the top provider of premium seafood products. The company has been one of the best innovators in the art of fishing, with high investments made on developing tech nologies and technical know-how on maintaining the quality of its catches. Neptune also is gaining attention in its focus on environmentally sustainable fishing, in line with its tagline The Best Seafood on the Water Planet. However, the company have been facing some inventory problems due to oversupply, and have been seeking ways to remedy it without jeopardising the companys premium image. BUSINESS COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Analyzing the business competition environment that Neptune operates in, through the porters five forces model Porters Five Forces Model of Competition COMPANYS MARKKETING MIX To identify Neptune target market, the market mix should be analyzed using four Ps model. PROBLEM ANALYSES While Neptune is one of the biggest companies in the market, it faces several challenges and problems in retain its position in the market due to the new technologies that Neptune adopted and ships that have been added to the fleet, Neptune became able to produce a large number of products comparing with the other companies where as the goods inventory shows that the supply of sixty days is twice the normal level and three times what it had been a year ago, and these products more than the targeted segments of Neptune which causing the excess inventory.Some parties believed that this inventory problem would only be temporary, as they relate this sudden influx in supply to the increase in the number of ships that would allow for a more efficient catching and processing of seafood. However, some parties have identified that the problem are not just the highly efficient fishing vessels, but truly lies on the newest amendment to the fishing law, which reduces commercial fishing near the coastal areas. As Neptune now have limited access to the waterways near the coasts, they are reduced to fish further out at sea. And due to the sheer abundance of fishes in this area, it ultimately leads to bigger catches that has ultimately put a strain on their inventory capacity. However, Neptune would have to push to sell off these excess inventories before they turn bad, and not being able to do this could lead to big losses. There are suggestions to reduce supply by stopping the usage of a few of Neptunes fishing vessels. However, having idle profit-making assets is not a very good business idea as the vessels are already sunk costs anyways. Neptune could probably sell off some of these assets but to do that would mean having to get losses from the sale of those vessels. Therefore, there is another suggestion to try to combat this problem of oversupply. Neptune suggests cutting prices of end products drastically to try to entice more buyers. However, there are several concerns surrounding the viability of this price cut. PRICE ANALYSES There are several suggested options by the team of Neptune to solve the excees of the inventory that the company facing, cutting prices is suggested by some but cutting the prices may solve problems in short term, while the overcapacity may stay long with Neptune. There also an issue highlighted in the case which is cutting price may effect negatively to the consumers image that Neptune achieved 40 years ago. After cutting the price consumers would conceive that these Neptune products sold at a lower price could be rotten and it could destroy their brand equity. Another effects of cutting price which may affects the future sales because restaurants and household consumers may buy and stock Neptune products in the period of cutting the prices, so the company will get lower sales in the future and it will consider it as an expense. As well as cutting the prices may lead competitors to reduce their prices too trying to compete with Neptune and after while the price would reach the equilibrium point. So many problems may occur due to cutting the prices the Neptune team has another suggestion which is introducing a new low-price seafood brand to the existing upmarket brand. Introducing this new roduct may lead to the cannibalization of the old premium products. Neptune has successfully positioned its Neptune Gold brand on the high end of the seafood market. Neptune are therefore scared that selling off the same seafood for a lower price under another brand would backfire as consumers could discover that both these offerings quality are at par with each other. Hence, consumers would naturally move towards purchasing the new brand instead of the premium one. Neptune also should consider the reaction of the United States Association of Seafood Processors and Distributors. This new brand by Neptune could be risky and possible to negatively affect their ASPD Gold Seal of approval that have strengthened their reputation for quality all these years retracted. This could further endanger the sales of their existing brands.. SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE MASS-MARKET Due to the problems and situation discussed above the idea of improving mass-market is suggested to distribute the excees inventory. It is an excellent idea to give opportunities of growth to Neptune. This strategy to expand their market as opposed to only threatening their currunt offerings, it is also good for the company to come up with something different to this new low-price brand to minimize the negative impact . producing low-price brand to add value to the current market segmentation by supporting the the premium one offered before. It is very important for Neptune to figure out what the consumer really wants from their seafood purchases other than price. Neptune could definitely create an edge over other competitors who are competing in the same price range by promoting the product with a focus on its quality. As a major supplier for seafood products, Neptune has definitely built a name for itself for its quality catches, and they should make sure that this message extends to the new brand as well. Therefore, Neptune could catch the attention of consumers looking for the best quality produce at a much more affordable price range. However, opening a new segment in the market by offering low-priced products will target the consumers who want products at a cheap price and differentiate them with consumers that on the normal market of Neptune. They achieve a competitive advantage over other competitors. In fact, Neptune would probably attract a lot of sales with this new mass-market brand, even with the stiff compe tition with other low-priced suppliers, as customers would assume that they could get the same value proposition delivered by Neptune with their Gold line, but at a cheaper price. This suggestion will reduce cannibalization by differentiate targeted segments, Neptune should retain its revenue from the premium offerings to restaurants and eatiers. CONCLUSION While Neptunes customers are loyal to the company to go back and repurchase its products and their demands are still continuously climbing, Neptune is still using its expertise and technologies to satisfy its customers and keep competitive in the premium seafood market.However, because of its new investment in new shipping vessels, top-quality supplies have also been climbing. However, this increase is not matched by a proportional increase in demand. As such, inventories turnovers have become slower and Neptune runs the risk of having these inventories turning bad in storage. Neptune team has come up with the strategy of slashing their offerings by half, and that is followed by the strategy to open a new mass-market brand. However, both suggestions have certain underlying problems connected to its implementation. But going through a new market segment is highly viewd as an opportunity instead of a threat for long run. As a conclusion, Neptune needs to lunch mass-market brand to solve the excees of the inventory as well as being the best in growth prospect to revive its position in the seafood market. RECOMMENDATIONS Some recommendations to Neptune to sustain its position as market leader and increase its market share through introducing a mass-market brand and implementing some strategies. To expand its offering giographically and open new market outside United States and importing seafood products. This strategy will lead the demand to rise up quickly to follow the rising of supply, so Neptune will solve the oversupply once the margin of demand increases. Neptune sould introduce promotions of its products to definite increases in environmental awareness, to encourage its customers to repurchase and then will get more profit As of currently, about two-thirds of Neptunes total revenue comes from sales made to restaurants, cruise ships and eateries. growing its consumer franchise is recommended as well. Neptune thus should try to collaborate with local supermarkets and grocers nationwide in order to let customers have access to these premium products easier. These recommendations to solve the problem of the excees of the inventory, also to help Neptune to be the leader of the market internationally and the biggest supplier of seafood products. Hisham Turban Marketing Management

Cultural Engineering of the Poetic Parental Instinct :: Areopagitica John Milton Poetry Essays

Cultural Engineering of the Poetic Parental Instinct It seems that biological genetic engineering is not a contained threat; in the last decade it seems to have spilled significantly into cultural and literary studies. In Renaissance studies, this trend becomes evident in Richard A. Goldthwaithe's Wealth and the Demand for Art in Italy: 1300-1600 (1993) and especially in Lisa Jardine's Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance (1996). These "new histories" of "worldly and wealthy" Renaissance attempt to present consumerism and Thatcherism as the moving spirit of Renaissance society and art. Considering the mere fact that less than 5% of the population could have afforded art, this search for Thatcherite "motions" in Renaissance society and culture seems to correlate, in its result, to what T. S. Eliot defines as artists' search for new emotions in art. Unfortunately, this trend of engineering the cultural history can be observed, albeit in a slightly different form, also in the studies of individual authors and their works, and J ohn Milton and his Areopagitica are no exception. One of the reasons for this trend in Milton studies and this particular pamphlet can be sought in the over-saturation of Areopagitica criticism dealing, to a great extent, with various aspects of authorial intention and textual authority. This particular strain seems to have been brought to the point of absurdity in Paul M. Dowling's Polite Wisdom: Heathen Rhetoric in Milton's "Areopagitica" (1995), a book from which one can conclude, in contrast to earlier criticism (Barker, Kendrick, Belsey), that Milton's main intention for his pamphlet was to be understood at two levels—as suggested in Dowling's title— and to defend simply the freedom of philosophic speech. As D. F. McKenzie has noted, recently there has been a shift of scholarly interest in Milton's Areopagitica from "questions of authorial intention and textual authority to those of textual dissemination and readership" (Miller 26). While this distancing from the authorial intention has resulted in some illuminating works about the world of printing, Renaissance economy, censorship and public sphere (Miller, Sherman, Norbrook), it has also produced some curious side-effects because the critics cannot avoid, in their final analysis, touching upon the authorial intention in the light of their newly made discoveries. Thus, Stephen B. Dobranski suggests that, since Areopagitica is about books, "the reading of the text should begin (but not, of course, end) by placing the pamphlet within the world of printing"

”The Knife Sharpener” by Bonnie Burnard Essay

The Knife Sharpener a short story written by Bonnie Burnard. This story is very interesting you never know that the knife sharpener will appear as a bad person because he appeared as a good old man who just borrowed a knives to sharpening and said â€Å"Maybe you’ve heard from your neighbours. I come around every March. Do mowers as well† as he was offering to do he mower for her in the beginning. Janet is a mother of three children. She do all the work in the house since her kids are still young to do some of the house work. Erin is six years old eldest child of Janet. The Knife Sharpener is an old man who sharpen knives and do mowers. The story happened in Janet’s place. The story happened during the day. The incident started happening when the knife sharpener took Erin’s hand and brought her somewhere. The story gets more intense when Janet starts panicking and decided to go after Erin and look for her. Janet saw Erin’s scarf on the ground stuccoed corner of a garage twenty yard ahead. Janet saw the knife sharpener talking to Erin in a gentle old man’s voice and Janet took Erin’s hand and questioned the knife sharpener. The knife sharpener said â€Å"Please don’t call the police†. The knife Sharpener by Bonnie Burnard is about the family, intense and it tells us not to trust any stranger and reveals the certain personality of some stranger when the old man took Erin away from her home. Why Janet didn’t call the police? And Why Janet having thoughts whether she’s going to tell about it to her husband or just keep it by herself and not to tell to anyone? The Knife Sharpener might have a bad intension to the family of Janet. The knife sharpener appeared to be a good old man who just a knife to use for sharpening and offered to do their mower so he can go inside the house. He even made Janet’s feelings comfortable around with him and he suddenly changed his mood when Janet said that her eldest is going to be home soon for lunch. The knife sharpener waited for Erin to go out again and reached her hand and brought Erin somewhere. I think that the knife sharpener will going to do something bad to Erin or kidnap Erin since he took her twenty yards away from her home. There is only two possible thing he will do it is either the knife sharpener will rape Erin or he will kidnap Erin.